NEW DELHI
Born out of necessity during the COVID-19 lockdown five years ago, virtual courtrooms are now grappling with a different challenge – growing indiscipline among lawyers and litigants who flout decorum during online hearings.
A virtual court hearing functions like a regular court proceeding but is conducted via video conferencing platforms. Once a matter is listed, parties and lawyers receive a secure video link to join the hearing remotely.
The system was introduced during the pandemic, when physical courtrooms were shut to curb the spread of the virus, but the judiciary needed to continue functioning.
The facility has proven a boon for lawyers, who can now attend multiple hearings across different courts, and even cities, within a single day, without the burden of travel. For litigants too, it has eased the hassle of appearing in person for each hearing.
Screen-time shenanigans
However, the system’s flexibility has also led to blatant misuse. One egregious example involved a man attending a Gujarat High Court hearing from his toilet. In another case, also in Gujarat, a video went viral showing a senior advocate appearing to sip beer during a virtual session.
In Delhi, the High Court recently took strong exception to a female lawyer who joined a hearing via mobile phone while walking through a public park. Though she claimed to be at the Agra court complex, the judge was unconvinced.
“Despite repeated directions, certain sections of the Bar have failed to understand the decorum of the court,” observed Justice Girish Kathpalia. He urged Bar Associations across Delhi to sensitise their members regarding proper conduct during virtual appearances.
Justice Kathpalia reminded that the videoconferencing facility was extended to enable counsel to appear from their offices, thereby sparing them the ordeal of rushing between multiple court complexes.
Former Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, in February 2023, strongly supported the continued use of virtual hearings, saying, “Technology is here to stay for the future, forever.” But recent developments underscore that its success depends not just on technical infrastructure, but equally on courtroom conduct.
Senior advocate and Supreme Court Bar Association (SCBA) president Vikas Singh did not mince words: “Online hearing, which started more like a necessity, is being misused by lawyers. It is trivialising a solemn court function. Court hearings cannot be argued from a car, a park, or while having a beer. Strict guidelines must be enforced,” he told The Hindu.
Missing penalties
While the Delhi High Court, a pioneer in institutionalising video conferencing, issued comprehensive rules in 2021, these mainly focus on behavioural expectations. They mandate that “participants wear sober attire”, with advocates in professional dress as per the Advocates Act, 1961.
The rules also state that participants must look into the camera, remain attentive, and refrain from multitasking. “All proceedings conducted by a court via video conferencing shall be judicial proceedings, and all the courtesies and protocols applicable to a physical court shall apply to these virtual proceedings,” the rules say.
However, no specific penalties are prescribed. Courts may invoke the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, or exercise their inherent powers in egregious cases.
Senior advocate Sanjoy Ghose, whose post about the toilet incident went viral, advocated for clear penalties and their strict enforcement. “There should be penalties prescribed, and they should be strictly enforced,” he told The Hindu.
He also called for better awareness: “Dos and don’ts must be clearly listed on court websites. Litigants may lack familiarity, but lawyers have no excuse.”
Sharanya Tripathi, associate advocate at Jotwani Associates, called the trend “deeply disrespectful to the court’s dignity”. “Everyone attending a virtual hearing, whether lawyer or litigant, must understand that appearing through a screen does not reduce the formality of the courtroom,” she asserted.
“If someone joins from an unsuitable location or behaves disrespectfully, the court should act promptly by removing the participant, imposing costs, or initiating contempt proceedings in serious cases,” Ms. Tripathi said.
Courts could also hold legal representatives accountable for ensuring that their clients maintain proper decorum during virtual hearings, she added.
Published – July 07, 2025 01:51 am IST
